Publications

PublicationsConference Paper

VR Math Bridge: Bridging Interactivity in Online Education with AI and VR

HuiShan Lai, Alaeddin Nassani, John Blake, Julián Villegas

2025 IEEE Gaming, Entertainment, and Media Conference (GEM)

We present VR Math Bridge, a virtual reality (VR)-based application designed to enhance calculus education by combining immersive virtual environments with artificial intelligence (AI)-driven teaching assistance. VR Math Bridge creates a virtual classroom where students interact with Khan Academy videos and a 3D AI assistant that provides real-time, personalized feedback to their questions. This system leverages a floating panel for chapter selection, a virtual blackboard for video playback, and Cognitive 3D for analyzing user engagement. To demonstrate the system’s capabilities, we developed a prototype on Quest 3, focusing on derivatives as the initial test topic. We conducted a preliminary subjective evaluation (n=2) of the prototype to collect early insights for future user study evaluation.

AI-driven EducationVirtual RealityEmbodied AvatarIEEE GEM 2025

Assessing the Security of Vibe Coding: Baseline vs. Security-Oriented Prompts in LLM Code Generation

Runtong He, Huishan Lai, Jingxue Chen, Chunhua Su

ISPEC 2025: 20th International Conference on Information Security Practice and Experience

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in software development through so-called “vibe coding,” where developers specify tasks in natural language and rely on the model to produce executable code. While this paradigm lowers barriers to entry and accelerates prototyping, it raises concerns about security. Prior studies show that a substantial fraction of AI-generated code contains exploitable vulnerabilities, and functional correctness does not guarantee safety. This paper investigates whether security-oriented prompting improves the security of LLM-generated code. We design ten representative Python tasks inspired by OWASP Top 10 and CWE categories, and evaluate outputs from an open-source 20B-parameter model using static analysis (Bandit) and lightweight runtime probes.

PublicationsConference Paper

Assessing the Security of Vibe Coding: Baseline vs. Security-Oriented Prompts in LLM Code Generation

Runtong He, Huishan Lai, Jingxue Chen, Chunhua Su

ISPEC 2025: 20th International Conference on Information Security Practice and Experience

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in software development through so-called “vibe coding,” where developers specify tasks in natural language and rely on the model to produce executable code. While this paradigm lowers barriers to entry and accelerates prototyping, it raises concerns about security. Prior studies show that a substantial fraction of AI-generated code contains exploitable vulnerabilities, and functional correctness does not guarantee safety. This paper investigates whether security-oriented prompting improves the security of LLM-generated code. We design ten representative Python tasks inspired by OWASP Top 10 and CWE categories, and evaluate outputs from an open-source 20B-parameter model using static analysis (Bandit) and lightweight runtime probes.

Large Language ModelsSoftware SecurityVibe CodingISPEC 2025

Enhancing VR Mandala Drawing and Natural Immersion for Attention Restoration with AI-Driven Bioadaptive Multimodal Interaction

Tiantian Geng, Huishan Lai, Lei Jing

AHs 2026: The Augmented Humans International Conference 2026

Digital attention fatigue is a pervasive challenge, yet most virtual reality (VR) interventions for restoration rely on passive nature exposure that lacks responsiveness to the user's internal state. Integrating Attention Restoration Theory (ART) with physiological computing, we propose a bioadaptive VR system that combines active mandala drawing within a 360° nature scene, using real-time heart rate variability (HRV) to modulate visual fog, ambient music, and haptic feedback. In a within-subject pilot study (N=11), we compared an AI-driven bioadaptive multimodal condition (AI) against an otherwise identical VR condition without bioadaptive multimodal feedback (NF), using behavioral (Oddball task), neural (EEG), autonomic (HRV), and subjective measures.

PublicationsConference Paper

Enhancing VR Mandala Drawing and Natural Immersion for Attention Restoration with AI-Driven Bioadaptive Multimodal Interaction

Tiantian Geng, Huishan Lai, Lei Jing

AHs 2026: The Augmented Humans International Conference 2026

Digital attention fatigue is a pervasive challenge, yet most virtual reality (VR) interventions for restoration rely on passive nature exposure that lacks responsiveness to the user's internal state. Integrating Attention Restoration Theory (ART) with physiological computing, we propose a bioadaptive VR system that combines active mandala drawing within a 360° nature scene, using real-time heart rate variability (HRV) to modulate visual fog, ambient music, and haptic feedback. In a within-subject pilot study (N=11), we compared an AI-driven bioadaptive multimodal condition (AI) against an otherwise identical VR condition without bioadaptive multimodal feedback (NF), using behavioral (Oddball task), neural (EEG), autonomic (HRV), and subjective measures.

Virtual RealityMultimodal InteractionAI-DrivenAHs 2026

Theses

The Role of Embodied Avatars and Generative AI in Self Learning VR Classroom

HuiShan Lai

Master's Thesis · University of Aizu · September 2025

This master's thesis examines how VR, generative AI, and an embodied teaching avatar shape immersion, enjoyment, comprehension, and cognitive load in self-directed calculus learning.

ThesesMaster's Thesis

The Role of Embodied Avatars and Generative AI in Self Learning VR Classroom

HuiShan Lai

Master's Thesis · University of Aizu · September 2025

The work combines short calculus videos, quizzes, speech interaction, a generative AI assistant, and an optional animated avatar in a Meta Quest 3 classroom. A two-participant pilot informed the final design, followed by a counterbalanced within-subject study with 18 participants across desktop video, VR with a text-based AI assistant, and VR with an embodied AI assistant. Both VR conditions produced significantly higher immersion and enjoyment than desktop learning. The study found no statistically significant differences in comprehension, cognitive load, effort, or frustration, and no reliable rating-scale advantage of the avatar over the text-based VR assistant.

Virtual RealityGenerative AIEmbodied Avatar

Design and Implementation of a Digital Twin System for Quadrotor UAV Formation Flight

HuiShan Lai

Bachelor's Thesis · Northwestern Polytechnical University · July 2022

An undergraduate thesis developing an Unreal Engine and AirSim digital twin for quadrotor formation control, remote interaction, and flight-data collection.

ThesesBachelor's Thesis

Design and Implementation of a Digital Twin System for Quadrotor UAV Formation Flight

HuiShan Lai

Bachelor's Thesis · Northwestern Polytechnical University · July 2022

This undergraduate thesis develops a digital-twin environment for quadrotor UAV formation flight using Unreal Engine 4 and Microsoft AirSim. It combines multi-UAV generation, controller and Python API input, remote PX4/QGroundControl communication, sensor recording, and a shared flight-data store. Functional testing covered formation generation, multiple viewpoints, environmental controls, database export, and Windows–Linux interaction. The prototype also documented its limits: rendering performance fell with large formations, occasional API disconnects disrupted follower aircraft, and the controller remained a simplified follow-and-avoidance design.

Digital TwinUAVUnreal EngineAirSimPX4

Research in Progress

Cost-Aware Confidence-Gated Two-Stage Network Intrusion Detection under a Cross-File Cross-Class Stress Test

Jiaming Zhang, Huishan Lai, Runtong He, Jingxue Chen, Chunhua Su

ICICS 2026 · Short paper · Publication pending

A cost-aware two-stage NIDS pipeline for cross-file, cross-class distribution shift. An LSTM fast path escalates ambiguous flows to a lightweight verifier, while LLMs are limited to generating structured audit rationales rather than primary decisions.

Research in ProgressAccepted

Cost-Aware Confidence-Gated Two-Stage Network Intrusion Detection under a Cross-File Cross-Class Stress Test

Jiaming Zhang, Huishan Lai, Runtong He, Jingxue Chen, Chunhua Su

ICICS 2026 · Short paper · Publication pending

A cost-aware two-stage NIDS pipeline for cross-file, cross-class distribution shift. An LSTM fast path escalates ambiguous flows to a lightweight verifier, while LLMs are limited to generating structured audit rationales rather than primary decisions.

Network Intrusion DetectionDistribution ShiftConfidence GatingLLM AuditICICS 2026

Efficient AI for Network Security

Double-blind submission · Details withheld during review

Ongoing research on efficient machine-learning approaches for network security. The manuscript title, venue, methods, datasets, and results will remain private until the double-blind review process has concluded.

Research in ProgressUnder Review

Efficient AI for Network Security

Double-blind submission · Details withheld during review

Ongoing research on efficient machine-learning approaches for network security. The manuscript title, venue, methods, datasets, and results will remain private until the double-blind review process has concluded.

Network SecurityMachine LearningEfficient AI

Robust Evaluation for Multimodal Machine Learning

Double-blind submission · Details withheld during review

Ongoing research on reliable evaluation for multimodal machine-learning systems. The manuscript title, venue, methods, datasets, and results will remain private until the double-blind review process has concluded.

Research in ProgressUnder Review

Robust Evaluation for Multimodal Machine Learning

Double-blind submission · Details withheld during review

Ongoing research on reliable evaluation for multimodal machine-learning systems. The manuscript title, venue, methods, datasets, and results will remain private until the double-blind review process has concluded.

Multimodal LearningModel EvaluationReliable AI

Human-Centered XR Interaction Research

International HCI submission in preparation · Venue undecided

Ongoing research on human-centered interaction in immersive environments. The project identity, system concept, implementation, study design, collaborators, and target venue will remain private while the work is being developed.

Research in ProgressIn Preparation

Human-Centered XR Interaction Research

International HCI submission in preparation · Venue undecided

Ongoing research on human-centered interaction in immersive environments. The project identity, system concept, implementation, study design, collaborators, and target venue will remain private while the work is being developed.

Human-Computer InteractionExtended RealityImmersive Systems

Interactive World Models Research

Early-stage research on interactive world models that connect visual world generation, simulation, and decision support for agents. The current phase focuses on refining the research question and evidence plan before choosing the next experimental direction.

Research in ProgressEarly Stage

Interactive World Models Research

Early-stage research on interactive world models that connect visual world generation, simulation, and decision support for agents. The current phase focuses on refining the research question and evidence plan before choosing the next experimental direction.

World ModelsEmbodied AIInteractive Systems

Brain–Computer Interface Research

Early-stage collaborative research on brain–computer interfaces. The current phase focuses on aligning the research question, refining the idea, and discussing feasible experimental directions with collaborators.

Research in ProgressEarly Stage

Brain–Computer Interface Research

Early-stage collaborative research on brain–computer interfaces. The current phase focuses on aligning the research question, refining the idea, and discussing feasible experimental directions with collaborators.

Brain–Computer InterfaceHuman-Computer InteractionCollaborative Research

Privacy-Preserving Analytics Research

Collaborative research on cryptographic and policy-aware approaches to privacy-preserving data analysis. The next scope and timeline remain open pending coordination and progress confirmation with collaborators.

Research in ProgressAwaiting Coordination

Privacy-Preserving Analytics Research

Collaborative research on cryptographic and policy-aware approaches to privacy-preserving data analysis. The next scope and timeline remain open pending coordination and progress confirmation with collaborators.

Applied CryptographyPrivacy-Preserving AnalyticsResearch Collaboration

Resilient Wireless Systems Research

Revisiting an earlier line of work on resilient wireless and delay-tolerant communication. The previous prototype is being reorganized before the research question and evaluation scope are developed further.

Research in ProgressOn Hold

Resilient Wireless Systems Research

Revisiting an earlier line of work on resilient wireless and delay-tolerant communication. The previous prototype is being reorganized before the research question and evaluation scope are developed further.

Wireless NetworksDelay-Tolerant NetworkingEdge Systems

VR/XR Projects

VR/XR ProjectsPrivate

VR Car Scene Prototype

This internship prototype explored how a Unity-built automotive VR scene could be prepared and checked on Meta Quest hardware. The public record focuses on the development context and device-validation workflow; internal assets, product requirements, and company implementation details are intentionally omitted.

UnityVRMeta Quest

AR Image tracking

Unity AR image-tracking practice project that places and controls 3D dragon assets in an AR scene.

VR/XR ProjectsPrototype

AR Image tracking

Unity AR image-tracking practice project that places and controls 3D dragon assets in an AR scene.

UnityC#AR Foundation

Mamba Project

University of Aizu CFS03 Unity VR project using an Oculus/XR scene and human anatomy model assets.

VR/XR ProjectsPrototype

Mamba Project

University of Aizu CFS03 Unity VR project using an Oculus/XR scene and human anatomy model assets.

UnityC#VROculus

Master Project

Unity VR classroom research prototype with an embodied avatar, speech services, and a Python backend.

VR/XR ProjectsPrototype

Master Project

Unity VR classroom research prototype with an embodied avatar, speech services, and a Python backend.

UnityC#PythonVR

Unity Projects

Solar System

Unity practice scene simulating the rotation and revolution of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.

Unity ProjectsPractice

Solar System

Unity practice scene simulating the rotation and revolution of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.

UnityC#3D

2D Platformer

Unity 2D platformer practice project; the repository is not currently public.

Unity ProjectsPrivate

2D Platformer

Unity 2D platformer practice project; the repository is not currently public.

UnityC#2D

2D Shooter Game

Unity 2D spaceship shooter with enemies, projectiles, level scenes, score UI, and menu flow.

Unity ProjectsLive

2D Shooter Game

Unity 2D spaceship shooter with enemies, projectiles, level scenes, score UI, and menu flow.

UnityC#2DGame UI

Kitchen Chaos

Overcooked-style Unity cooking practice project with counters, ingredients, cutting recipes, and player input.

Unity ProjectsPractice

Kitchen Chaos

Overcooked-style Unity cooking practice project with counters, ingredients, cutting recipes, and player input.

UnityC#Input System

Web Projects

SHAN-VERSE

My personal portfolio and blog built with Astro, MDX, custom styling, sitemap, and project data tooling.

Web ProjectsLive

SHAN-VERSE

SHAN-VERSE is the living system behind this portfolio: an Astro and MDX static site with multilingual routes, structured project and timeline data, custom visual components, and build-time validation. It is also where I gradually publish research status, personal records, and technical writing while keeping private work appropriately abstract.

AstroMDXTypeScriptCSS

Notion Next Chinese Blog

Forked NotionNext deployment for a Notion-powered blog using Next.js and the Notion API.

Web ProjectsLive

Notion Next Chinese Blog

Forked NotionNext deployment for a Notion-powered blog using Next.js and the Notion API.

Next.jsNotion APIJavaScript

Math-Note

AI math canvas app with a React/Vite frontend and FastAPI backend that sends drawn equations to Gemini.

Web ProjectsLive

Math-Note

AI math canvas app with a React/Vite frontend and FastAPI backend that sends drawn equations to Gemini.

ReactViteTypeScriptFastAPIGemini

Yumemi Test

Yumemi frontend test SPA that visualizes Japanese prefecture population trends with charts and filters.

Web ProjectsLive

Yumemi Test

Yumemi frontend test SPA that visualizes Japanese prefecture population trends with charts and filters.

ReactViteTypeScriptHighchartsVitest

Weather App

Static weather lookup app using OpenWeather data, city search, and weather-specific UI illustrations.

Web ProjectsLive

Weather App

Static weather lookup app using OpenWeather data, city search, and weather-specific UI illustrations.

HTMLCSSJavaScriptOpenWeather API

Falling Sand

Interactive falling-sand sandbox with p5-style rendering, material rules, draggable controls, and pause/step tools.

Web ProjectsLive

Falling Sand

Interactive falling-sand sandbox with p5-style rendering, material rules, draggable controls, and pause/step tools.

JavaScriptp5.jsVite

Dark Light Toggle

Small HTML, CSS, and JavaScript UI experiment for an animated dark/light mode toggle.

Web ProjectsLive

Dark Light Toggle

Small HTML, CSS, and JavaScript UI experiment for an animated dark/light mode toggle.

HTMLCSSJavaScript

DreamLight

Static promotional site for a BitSummit 2024 light-show and drone game concept.

Web ProjectsLive

DreamLight

Static promotional site for a BitSummit 2024 light-show and drone game concept.

HTMLSCSSJavaScript

Hexo Page

Hexo blog deployment experiment on Vercel for testing static blog generation and theme structure.

Web ProjectsLive

Hexo Page

Hexo blog deployment experiment on Vercel for testing static blog generation and theme structure.

HexoJavaScript

Notion Resume

Minimal Notion-based personal page and resume hub linking to my public Notion home.

Web ProjectsArchive

Notion Resume

Minimal Notion-based personal page and resume hub linking to my public Notion home.

NotionCV

Silver Game

Hackathon frontend for an elderly-focused social platform with realtime multimodal emotion analysis.

Web ProjectsLive

Silver Game

Hackathon frontend for an elderly-focused social platform with realtime multimodal emotion analysis.

Next.jsReactTypeScriptFastAPIPyTorch

AI-ImageForge

Streamlit AI image-generation app with Hugging Face models, style prompts, and GPU detection.

Web ProjectsArchive

AI-ImageForge

Streamlit AI image-generation app with Hugging Face models, style prompts, and GPU detection.

PythonStreamlitHugging FaceDiffusers

School Project

School ProjectCoursework

The Role of Embodied Avatars and Generative AI in Self Learning VR Classroom

Unity 2022.3 master's thesis project with VR classroom scenes, Convai avatar components, speech services, and a Python backend.

Master's ThesisUnityC#PythonVR

Human Activity Pattern Processing

University of Aizu ITA09 coursework with Python scripts and Jupyter notebooks for activity-pattern processing.

School ProjectCoursework

Human Activity Pattern Processing

University of Aizu ITA09 coursework with Python scripts and Jupyter notebooks for activity-pattern processing.

PythonJupyter NotebookMachine Learning

Advanced Robotics

University of Aizu ITC03A Advanced Robotics coursework implemented mainly with MATLAB scripts.

School ProjectCoursework

Advanced Robotics

University of Aizu ITC03A Advanced Robotics coursework implemented mainly with MATLAB scripts.

MATLABRobotics

Biosignal Processing and Data Mining

University of Aizu ITA25 coursework with MATLAB assignments for biosignal processing and data mining.

School ProjectCoursework

Biosignal Processing and Data Mining

University of Aizu ITA25 coursework with MATLAB assignments for biosignal processing and data mining.

MATLABBiosignal ProcessingData Mining

Applied Statistics

University of Aizu CSC03F applied statistics coursework notes and assignment records.

School ProjectCoursework

Applied Statistics

University of Aizu CSC03F applied statistics coursework notes and assignment records.

StatisticsCoursework

Software Engineering

University of Aizu SEC01F software engineering coursework notes and assignment records.

School ProjectCoursework

Software Engineering

University of Aizu SEC01F software engineering coursework notes and assignment records.

Software EngineeringCoursework

Other Project

Tetris Clone

Native Windows C++ Tetris clone with scoring, hold piece, ghost preview, levels, and best-score tracking.

Other ProjectPractice

Tetris Clone

Native Windows C++ Tetris clone with scoring, hold piece, ghost preview, levels, and best-score tracking.

C++Win32Game Dev

OpenGL Practice

OpenGL learning project covering windows, triangles, buffers, shaders, textures, and basic 3D rendering.

Other ProjectPractice

OpenGL Practice

OpenGL learning project covering windows, triangles, buffers, shaders, textures, and basic 3D rendering.

C++OpenGLGLFW

C# Exercises

Collection of C#/.NET practice projects, including console, WPF, MVC, and Azure-style samples.

Other ProjectPractice

C# Exercises

Collection of C#/.NET practice projects, including console, WPF, MVC, and Azure-style samples.

C#.NETWPF

C# Snake Game

Classic Windows C# Snake game with keyboard controls and a simple desktop executable.

Other ProjectPractice

C# Snake Game

Classic Windows C# Snake game with keyboard controls and a simple desktop executable.

C#.NET FrameworkWinForms

Beecrowd Practice

C# solutions archive for Beecrowd online judge problems, organized by problem number.

Other ProjectPractice

Beecrowd Practice

C# solutions archive for Beecrowd online judge problems, organized by problem number.

C#.NETOJ

PTA Practice

PTA online judge practice record; the repository is not currently public.

Other ProjectPrivate

PTA Practice

PTA online judge practice record; the repository is not currently public.

C#OJ

Paiza Practice

Paiza online judge practice record; the repository is not currently public.

Other ProjectPrivate

Paiza Practice

Paiza online judge practice record; the repository is not currently public.

C#OJ

Rockfall Game

Pygame avoidance game with data collection, Random Forest training, and AI-controlled play mode.

Other ProjectPractice

Rockfall Game

Pygame avoidance game with data collection, Random Forest training, and AI-controlled play mode.

PythonPygamescikit-learn

Go 11 Projects

Go learning repo following a project-based course, including a web server, CRUD API, MySQL app, and Slack bots.

Other ProjectPractice

Go 11 Projects

Go learning repo following a project-based course, including a web server, CRUD API, MySQL app, and Slack bots.

GoAPIMySQLSlack Bot